Calcium - This type makes up 75% to 80% of all kidney stones and is comprised of calcium oxalates and calcium phosphates.
Uric Acid - This stone can occur when there is a high concentration of uric acid in the urine. Alkalinization of the urine can prevent this type.
Struvite - Often referred to as the “infection stone,” this type is associated with a urinary tract infection.
Cystine - This is a relatively rare stone and usually occurs in children and adolescents who have cystinuria, a rare genetic kidney disorder.
Drug-Induced - Certain medications, most commonly an HIV drug, crystallize to form these kidney stones.
X-ray and metabolic stone evaluation are used for diagnosis.
Treatment options include:
Lithotripsy
Laser and Ultrasonic Fragmentation
Dissolution
Basket Extraction
Keys to prevention of kidney stones:
Increase fluid intake (8-10 glasses of water a day)
Increase fiber in diet
Avoid foods high in oxalates (such as iced tea, cocoa, chocolate, wheat bran, soy products, almonds, cashews, peanuts and various fruits and vegetables)
